Isaac Peral y Caballero (Cartagena, 1 June 1851 – 22 May 1895, Berlin), was a Spanish engineer, sailor and designer of the Peral Submarine (launched in 1888).
Issac Peral was officer of the "Cuerpo General de la Armada", where he made a career as officer in different warships.Peral was also teacher of the Escuela Superior de la Armada.The Peral submarine was first conceived on 20 September 1884, when Lieutenant Isaac Peral wrote a paper which would become his Proyecto de Torpedero Submarino ("Project for a submarine torpedoboat").[1]
After several studies and experiments, and having gained support from his superiors and fellow officers, Peral exposed his idea to the Spanish navy staff. He wrote a letter to the Spanish naval minister, vice-admiral Pezuela y Lobo, the following year in September, 1885. Pezuela y Lobo called Peral to Madrid to have a personal interview with him. After the interview Pezuela y Lobo agreed to finance Peral's preliminary studies in Cádiz with an initial budget of 5,000 pesetas, before launching a program to build a full-scale submarine boat.The Peral submarine was the first practical submarine ever made. Other previous and later submarine simply sunk killing their crew. During building, allegedly some damage was made to submarine from unknown people, but Peral was a stubborn man.In a test with naval authorities, the submarine of Peral attacked successfully a cruise in the night without been noticed, returning to port without any damage. The submarine was however coastal , because it lacked double-hull and Diesel engine ( petrol engines little reliable at that moment). Its performances were hardly reached ten years later in other submarines.But a second project was rejected by naval authorities. It is assumed that political reasons, in and out Spain, were the cause of such rejection after successful tests.[2]
Isaac Peral, frustrated, retired from naval active duty in November 1891. He founded a private electric company.After a medical intervention to cure the cerebral tumor he had been suffering from for some years, Peral contracted meningitis. He died from it in Berlin in May 1895. In the same year John Philip Holland marked a major step forward in submarine development, designing for the first time a mixed internal combustion/electric propulsion system that would overcome the limited range of batteries.
The first submarine to go on active duty in the Spanish Navy was built 22 years later based on the Holland class submarine and was named after Peral. His own experimental submarine was written off by the navy in 1913, but was salvaged and sent to Cartagena, homeport of navy's submarine flotilla. She was conserved there until the seventies, when she was handed over to the city.